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What is the OWASP Top 10? The **OWASP Top 10** is a standard "awareness document" published by the Open Worldwide Application Security Project (OWASP). It ranks the 10 most critical security risks facing web applications, based on real-world vulnerability data and industry consensus. It's the baseline reference for developers, pentesters, and auditors — and standards like PCI DSS and ISO 27001 reference it as a best-practice benchmark. The current edition is **OWASP Top 10:2025** (which replaced the 2021 edition) . Here's the list, what each risk means, and how to test for it. --- ## The 2025 list + how to test each one ### A01 — Broken Access Control Users can access data or functions beyond their permissions (IDOR, privilege escalation, force browsing). SSRF from the 2021 list is now folded into this category. **How to test:** - Create two accounts (user A, user B). Change IDs in URLs/requests (`/api/user/1001` → `1002`) and see if you can read/modify B's data w...

Wireless penetration testing using Kali Linux is a systematic process that moves from passive observation to active exploitation. Kali is the industry-standard OS for this because it comes pre-loaded with the Aircrack-ng suite , Reaver , and Hashcat . 1. Preparation: Enabling Monitor Mode By default, wireless cards are in "Managed" mode (connecting to one AP). To pentest, you must switch to Monitor Mode to see all traffic in the air. Check Hardware: airmon-ng Enable Monitor Mode: airmon-ng start wlan0 This creates a virtual interface, usually named wlan0mon . 2. Reconnaissance (Sniffing the Air) You need to identify the target BSSID (MAC address) and the Channel (CH) it’s operating on. Command: airodump-ng wlan0mon Observation: Look for the target network's ESSID and take note of the BSSID and Channel. Also, ensure there is at least one active client (Station) connected; otherwise, you can't capture a handshake. 3. Targeted Capture Now, focus your "sniffer...